Linux 终端：终极速查表 - 第二部分

太长不看

全局正则表达式搜索（grep 命令）

管道

权限：更改文件模式位命令 (chmod)

团体

所有权：更改文件所有者和组（chown）

快捷方式

处理长文件

本文是“如何充分利用 Linux 终端”系列文章的第二部分。
如果您还没有看过第一篇文章，我强烈建议您在继续阅读本文之前先阅读一下：

Linux 终端：终极速查表

Mauro Garcia ・ 2021年1月25日

#Linux #终端 #新手

💡 如果您觉得这篇文章有价值，可以关注我的推特和Instagram账号。

太长不看

使用 Grep 搜索
- 在文件中搜索字符串 ➜grep [term-to-search] [source-file-to-search]
- 文件内不区分大小写的搜索 ➜grep -i [term-to-search] [source-file-to-search]
- 在文件中查找不匹配的行 ➜grep -v [term-to-search] [source-file-to-search]
- 目录递归搜索 ➜grep -r [term-to-search] [path-to-directory-to-search]
- 文件内多次搜索 ➜grep -E "[first-term-to-search|second-term-to-search]" [source-file-to-search]
- 统计搜索结果 ➜grep -c [term-to-search] [source-file-to-search]
- 显示匹配文件的名称 ➜grep -l [term-to-search] [matching-files-to-search]
- 了解更多关于 grep 的信息 ➜man grep

管道
- 管道命令 ➜[command 1] | [command 2] | [command n]
- 将过滤后的搜索结果通过管道传输到新文件 ➜ls | grep [term-to-filter] | cat > [path-to-new-file]/[name-for-new-file]
- 搜索您的命令历史记录 ➜history | grep "[term-to-search]"

权限：更改文件模式位命令 (chmod)
- 向所有人添加执行权限 ➜chmod a+x [name-of-the-file]或chmod +x [name-of-the-file]
- 移除所有人的执行权限 ➜chmod a-x [name-of-the-file]或chmod -x [name-of-the-file]
- 为所有者添加执行权限 ➜chmod u+x [name-of-the-file]
- 移除其他用户的写入权限 ➜chmod o-w [name-of-the-file]
- 为群组添加读取权限 ➜chmod g+r [name-of-the-file]
- 移除所有人的读写权限 ➜chmod a-wr [name-of-the-file]
- 移除当前目录中所有文件的读写权限 ➜chmod a-wr *.*

团体
- 列出所有可用组 ➜getent group
- 列出我的帐户所属的所有群组 ➜groups
- 搜索特定群组（使用竖线）➜getent group | grep [group-name-to-search]
- 创建新群组 ➜sudo groupadd [name-for-the-new-group]
- 将现有用户添加到辅助组 ➜usermod -a -G [group-you-want-to-add-the-user-to] [user-name-to-add]

所有权：更改文件所有者和组（chown）
- 更改文件的用户所有权 ➜sudo chown [new-owner-name] [file-to-change-ownership]
- 更改多个文件的用户所有权 ➜sudo chown [new-owner-name] [file-1-to-change-ownership] [file-n-to-change-ownership]
- 更改目录的用户所有权 ➜sudo chown [new-owner-name] [directory-to-change-ownership]
- 递归地更改目录及其所有文件的用户所有权 ➜sudo chown -R [new-owner-name] [directory-to-change-ownership]
- 更改文件的组所有权 ➜sudo chown :[new-group-name] [file-to-change-ownership]
- 更改文件的用户和组所有权 ➜sudo chown [new-owner-name]:[new-group-name] [file-to-change-ownership]

快捷方式
- 搜索您的搜索历史记录 ➜ [CTRL] + r。然后输入几个字符以找到您的命令。
- 粘贴前几行 ➜[CTRL] + p
- 将光标移至行首。➜[CTRL] + a
- 将光标移至行尾。➜[CTRL] + e
- 将光标向前移动一个字符。➜[CTRL] + f
- 将光标向后移动一个字符。➜[CTRL] + b
- 删除整行。➜[CTRL] + u
- 删除最后一个输入的单词。➜[CTRL] + w

处理长文件
- 打印文件的最后几行 ➜tail [name-of-the-file]
- 打印文件的最后 n 行 ➜tail -n [number-of-lines] [name-of-the-file]
- 打印文件的前几行 ➜head [name-of-the-file]
- 打印文件的前 n 行 ➜head -n [number-of-lines] [name-of-the-file]
- 翻阅文件 ➜less [name-of-the-file]

全局正则表达式搜索（grep 命令）

Linuxgrep命令是一个字符串和模式匹配实用程序，用于显示多个文件中匹配的行。

在文件中搜索字符串

输入grep [term-to-search] [source-file-to-search]关键词在文件中搜索。-n如果想打印每个匹配项的行号，可以添加参数。

## List the content for the working directory
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls
README.md  index.html  main.js  script.txt

## Print the content of the index.html file
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ cat index.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />

    <title>My Website</title>
  </head>

  <body>
    <script src="js/main.js"></script>
  </body>
</html>

## Search for "meta" within the index.html file using grep
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ grep meta index.html -n
4:    <meta charset="utf-8" />
5:    <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge" />
6:    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />

文件内不区分大小写的搜索

输入以下内容grep -i [term-to-search] [source-file-to-search]以执行不区分大小写的搜索：

## Print the content of the main.js file
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ cat main.js
const sum = (num1, num2) => {
        return num1 + num2
}

// Call the Sum function
sum(10,4)

## Search for "sum" without ignoring case (we get 2 results)
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ grep sum main.js -n
1:const sum = (num1, num2) => {
6:sum(10,4)

## Search for "sum" using the ignore case argument (we get 3 results)
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ grep sum main.js -in
1:const sum = (num1, num2) => {
5:// Call the Sum function
6:sum(10,4)

在文件中搜索不匹配的行

输入此命令grep -v [term-to-search] [source-file-to-search]可获取文件中所有与该术语不匹配的行。

## Print the content of the main.js file
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ cat main.js
const sum = (num1, num2) => {
        return num1 + num2
}

// Call the Sum function
sum(10,4)

## Search for each line that doesn't include "sum" (case sensitive)
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ grep sum main.js -v
        return num1 + num2
}

// Call the Sum function

在目录中进行递归搜索

输入grep -r [term-to-search] [path-to-directory-to-search]以搜索嵌套目录和子目录。

## List the content for the working directory
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls
README.md  index.html  main.js  script.txt  temp

## Search recursively for "sum" within the current directory (including sub-directories)
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ grep -r sum .
./index.html:    <p>Calling the sum function:<p>
./index.html:    <!-- TODO: Call the sum function and display the value -->
./main.js:const sum = (num1, num2) => {
./main.js:sum(10,4)
./temp/index.html:    <p>Calling the sum function:<p>
./temp/index.html:    <!-- TODO: Call the sum function and display the value -->

在文件中进行多次搜索

输入grep -E "[first-term-to-search|second-term-to-search]" [source-file-to-search]以在文件中搜索多个词语

## Print the content of the main.js file
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ cat main.js
const sum = (num1, num2) => {
        return num1 + num2
}

// Call the Sum function
sum(10,4)

const printMessage(message) {
        console.log(message)
}

// Call the printMessage function
printMessage("Hello world")

## Search for "sum" or "printMessage" within the main.js file
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ grep -E "sum|printMessage" main.js
const sum = (num1, num2) => {
sum(10,4)
const printMessage(message) {
// Call the printMessage function
printMessage("Hello world")

统计搜索结果

输入grep -c [term-to-search] [source-file-to-search]以统计搜索词在文件中出现的次数

## List the content for the working directory
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls
README.md  index.html  main.js  script.txt  temp

## Count how many times "sum" appears on the main.js file
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ grep -c sum main.js
2

## Count how many times "sum" or "printMessage" appears on the main.js file 
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ grep -c -E "sum|printMessage" main.js
5

## Recursive count to get how many times "sum" or "printMessage" appears in the current working directory
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ grep -c -E -r "sum|printMessage" .
./index.html:2
./main.js:5
./README.md:0
./script.txt:0
./temp/index.html:2

显示匹配文件的名称

输入搜索词grep -l [term-to-search] [matching-files-to-search]以获取包含该搜索词的文件列表

## List the content for the working directory
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls
README.md  about.html  index.html  main.js  script.txt  temp

## Get a list of html files that contains "<h1>"
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ grep -l "<h1>" *.html
index.html

## Get a list of html files that contains "<p>"
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ grep -l "<p>" *.html
about.html
index.html

## Recursively get a list of files that contains "<p>" within the current directory
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ grep -l -r "<p>" .
./about.html
./index.html
./temp/index.html

管道

管道是 Linux 上最有用的命令行功能之一，它允许你通过“管道”将多个操作连接在一起来执行复杂的操作，这意味着管道中每个命令的输出将作为下一个命令的输入。

将过滤后的搜索结果通过管道传输到新文件中

假设我想获取所有标题中包含“svelte”一词的博客文章列表，并将完整列表写入一个名为 svelte-articles.txt 的新文件中。

我们可以使用管道列出我的所有文章，使用 grep 过滤掉包含“svelte”的文章，并将过滤后的列表保存到一个新文件中。

## Check that my current working directory is the "posts" folder that includes all my posts
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/maurogarcia.dev/posts$ pwd
/home/mauro_codes/projects/maurogarcia.dev/posts

## Piping the list of posts with grep to check how many posts include the term "svelte" (I get five items)
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/maurogarcia.dev/posts$ ls | grep svelte
5

## Piping the list of post --> Filter svelte posts --> move the content to a new file using cat
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/maurogarcia.dev/posts$ ls | grep svelte | cat > /home/mauro_codes/projects/svelte-articles.txt

## Print the content of our new file
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/maurogarcia.dev/posts$ cat /home/mauro_codes/projects/svelte-articles.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 4.2K Jan 27 18:29 -5-things-i-love-about-svelte-.md
-rw-r--r-- 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes  11K Jan 27 18:29 angular-vs-svelte-card-component.md
-rw-r--r-- 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 5.3K Jan 27 18:29 component-driven-development-with-svelte.md
-rw-r--r-- 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 5.0K Jan 27 18:29 how-to-build-your-next-chrome-extension-with-svelte.md
-rw-r--r-- 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 4.7K Jan 27 18:29 sapper-svelte-tailwindcss-boilerplate.md

搜索您的命令历史记录

grep您可以使用管道符通过键入以下命令来搜索命令历史记录。history | grep "[term-to-search]"

感谢@bradnichol在我之前的帖子中提出的这个建议！

## Searching for the term svelte on your command history
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~$ history | grep "svelte"
  415  ls | grep svelte
  416  ls | grep -C svelte
  417  ls | grep -c svelte
  418  ls | grep -c svelte |
  419  ls | grep -c svelte | cat
  420  ls | grep svelte | cat
  421  ls | grep svelte | cat > /home/mauro_codes/projects/svelte-articles.txt
  422  cat /home/mauro_codes/projects/svelte-articles.txt
  444  ls grep -c svelte
  445  ls | grep -c svelte
  446  cat /home/mauro_codes/projects/svelte-articles.txt
  448  history | grep "svelte"

权限：更改文件模式位命令 (chmod)

Linux 系统中权限更改是一个非常复杂的话题，值得单独撰写一篇文章。但我决定先举几个可能用得上的例子。

您可以使用此chmod命令为一个或多个文件添加或删除不同用户的读取、写入和执行权限。

作为参考，以下示例展示了当我们使用时，每个文件或目录的权限是如何显示的。ls lah

添加所有人的执行权限

输入chmod a+x [name-of-the-file]或chmod +x [name-of-the-file]添加对特定文件的执行权限给所有人

## Check file permissions
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls -lah
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 17:49 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 20:00 ..
---------- 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 206 Jan 27 16:36 main.js
---------- 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes  23 Jan 24 17:31 script.txt

## Add execute permission to everyone in the main.js file
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ chmod +x main.js

## Check permissions again
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls -lah
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 17:49 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 20:00 ..
---x--x--x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 206 Jan 27 16:36 main.js
---------- 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes  23 Jan 24 17:31 script.txt

移除所有人的执行权限

输入chmod a-x [name-of-the-file]或chmod -x [name-of-the-file]删除特定文件的所有人执行权限

## Check file permissions
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls -lah
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 17:49 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 20:00 ..
-rwxrwxrwx 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 206 Jan 27 16:36 main.js
-rwxrwxrwx 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes  23 Jan 24 17:31 script.txt

## Remove the execute permissions to everyone in the main.js file
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ chmod a-x main.js

## Check permissions again
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls -lah
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 17:49 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 20:00 ..
-rw-rw-rw- 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 206 Jan 27 16:36 main.js
-rwxrwxrwx 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes  23 Jan 24 17:31 script.txt

为所有者添加执行权限

输入此命令chmod u+x [name-of-the-file]，即可仅为特定文件的所有者添加执行权限。

## Check file permissions
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls -lah
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 17:49 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 20:00 ..
---------- 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 206 Jan 27 16:36 main.js
---------- 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes  23 Jan 24 17:31 script.txt

## Add the execute permissions only to the owner in the main.js file
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ chmod u+x main.js

## Check permissions again
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls -lah
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 17:49 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 20:00 ..
---x------ 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 206 Jan 27 16:36 main.js
---------- 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes  23 Jan 24 17:31 script.txt

移除其他用户的写入权限

输入此命令chmod o-w [name-of-the-file]可仅移除其他用户（而非所有者或用户组）对特定文件的写入权限

## Check file permissions
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls -lah
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 17:49 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 20:00 ..
-rwxrwxrwx 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 206 Jan 27 16:36 main.js
-rwxrwxrwx 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes  23 Jan 24 17:31 script.txt

## Remove the write permission only to other users (not owner or group) in the main.js file
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ chmod o-w main.js

## Check permissions again
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls -lah
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 17:49 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 20:00 ..
-rwxrwxr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 206 Jan 27 16:36 main.js
-rwxrwxrwx 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes  23 Jan 24 17:31 script.txt

添加对该组的读取权限

输入命令chmod g+r [name-of-the-file]，为特定文件向组添加只读权限

## Check file permissions
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls -lah
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 17:49 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 20:00 ..
---------- 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 206 Jan 27 16:36 main.js
---------- 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes  23 Jan 24 17:31 script.txt

## Add the read permission only to the group in the main.js file
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ chmod g+r main.js

## Check permissions again
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls -lah
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 17:49 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 20:00 ..
----r----- 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 206 Jan 27 16:36 main.js
---------- 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes  23 Jan 24 17:31 script.txt

移除所有人的读写权限

输入此命令chmod a-wr [name-of-the-file]可移除所有人对特定文件的读写权限

## Check file permissions
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls -lah
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 17:49 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 20:00 ..
-rwxrwxrwx 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 206 Jan 27 16:36 main.js
-rwxrwxrwx 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes  23 Jan 24 17:31 script.txt

## Remove the write and read permission to everyone in the main.js file
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ chmod a-wr main.js

## Check permissions again
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls -lah
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 17:49 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 20:00 ..
---x--x--x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 206 Jan 27 16:36 main.js
-rwxrwxrwx 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes  23 Jan 24 17:31 script.txt

移除所有人对多个文件的读写权限

输入以下命令chmod a-wr *.*可移除当前工作目录中所有文件的所有人的读写权限。

## Check file permissions
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls -lah
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 17:49 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 20:00 ..
-rwxrwxrwx 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 206 Jan 27 16:36 main.js
-rwxrwxrwx 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes  23 Jan 24 17:31 script.txt

## Remove the write and read permissions to everyone for all the files in the current working directory
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ chmod a-wr *.*

## Check permissions again
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls -lah
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 17:49 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 20:00 ..
---x--x--x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 206 Jan 27 16:36 main.js
---x--x--x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes  23 Jan 24 17:31 script.txt

团体

列出所有可用组

输入getent group以获取包含系统中所有可用组的列表。

mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ getent group
root:x:0:
daemon:x:1:
bin:x:2:
sys:x:3:
mauro_codes:x:1000:

列出我的帐户所属的所有组

输入内容groups以获取您所属的所有群组列表。

## List all my groups
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ groups
mauro_codes adm dialout cdrom floppy sudo audio dip video plugdev netdev

使用竖线搜索特定群组

输入getent group | grep [group-name-to-search]竖线以搜索特定组。

## List all the groups that contains the term "mauro_codes"
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ getent group | grep "mauro_codes"
adm:x:4:syslog,mauro_codes
mauro_codes:x:1000:

## List all the groups that contains the term "root"
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ getent group | grep "root"
root:x:0:

创建一个新组

输入sudo groupadd [name-for-the-new-group]以创建新群组。

## Create a new group called "development"
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ sudo groupadd development

## Check if the new group was created
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ getent group | grep development
development:x:1001:

将现有用户添加到辅助组

输入usermod -a -G [group-you-want-to-add-the-user-to] [user-name-to-add]以将现有用户添加到辅助组。

## Add mauro_codes to the secondary group "development"
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects$ sudo usermod -a -G development mauro_codes

## Check changes
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects$ getent group | grep "mauro"
adm:x:4:syslog,mauro_codes
dialout:x:20:mauro_codes
mauro_codes:x:1000:
development:x:1001:mauro_codes

所有权：更改文件所有者和组（chown）

更改文件的用户所有权

输入sudo chown [new-owner-name] [file-to-change-ownership]以更改文件的用户所有权。

## Check user ownership
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls -lah
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 17:49 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 20:00 ..
---x--x--x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 206 Jan 27 16:36 main.js
---x--x--x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes  23 Jan 24 17:31 script.txt

## Change user ownership (the root user will be the owner of the main.js file)
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ sudo chown root main.js

## Check user ownership again
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls -lah
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 17:49 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 20:00 ..
---x--x--x 1 root        mauro_codes 206 Jan 27 16:36 main.js
---x--x--x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes  23 Jan 24 17:31 script.txt

更改多个文件的用户所有权

输入此命令sudo chown [new-owner-name] [file-1-to-change-ownership] [file-n-to-change-ownership]可同时更改多个文件的用户所有权。

## Check user ownership
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls -lah
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 17:49 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 20:00 ..
---x--x--x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 206 Jan 27 16:36 main.js
---x--x--x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes  23 Jan 24 17:31 script.txt

## Change user ownership (the root user will be the owner of the main.js and script.txt files)
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ sudo chown root main.js script.txt

## Check user ownership again
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls -lah
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 17:49 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 20:00 ..
---x--x--x 1 root        mauro_codes 206 Jan 27 16:36 main.js
---x--x--x 1 root        mauro_codes  23 Jan 24 17:31 script.txt

更改目录的用户所有权

输入sudo chown [new-owner-name] [directory-to-change-ownership]此命令可更改目录的用户所有权。

## Check directories user ownership
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects$ ls -lah
total 4.0K
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 20:00 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 28 10:48 ..
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 17:49 landing-page
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 22 12:15 personal-blog

## Change user ownership (the root user will be the owner of the "landing-page" directory)
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects$ sudo chown root ./landing-page/

## Check directories user ownership again
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects$ ls -lah
total 4.0K
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 20:00 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 28 10:48 ..
drwxr-xr-x 1 root        mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 17:49 landing-page
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 22 12:15 personal-blog

递归地更改目录及其所有文件的用户所有权

输入命令sudo chown -R [new-owner-name] [directory-to-change-ownership]以递归方式更改目录及其所有文件的用户所有权。

## Check files ownershop within the landing-page directory
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls -lah
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 root        mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 17:49 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 20:00 ..
---x--x--x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 206 Jan 27 16:36 main.js
---x--x--x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes  23 Jan 24 17:31 script.txt
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 16:27 temp_dir

## Recursively change the user ownership (the root user will be the owner 
## of all the files and directories within the current directory)
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ sudo chown -R root .

## Check user ownership again
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls -lah
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 root        mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 17:49 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 20:00 ..
---x--x--x 1 root        mauro_codes 206 Jan 27 16:36 main.js
---x--x--x 1 root        mauro_codes  23 Jan 24 17:31 script.txt
drwxr-xr-x 1 root        mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 16:27 temp_dir

更改文件的组所有权

输入此命令sudo chown :[new-group-name] [file-to-change-ownership]可更改文件的组所有权。

## Check group ownership
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 17:49 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 20:00 ..
---x--x--x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 206 Jan 27 16:36 main.js
---x--x--x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes  23 Jan 24 17:31 script.txt

## Change group ownership (the main.js file will now have "development" as a group)
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ sudo chown :development main.js

## Check group ownership again
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 17:49 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 20:00 ..
---x--x--x 1 mauro_codes development 206 Jan 27 16:36 main.js
---x--x--x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes  23 Jan 24 17:31 script.txt

更改文件的用户和组所有权

输入此命令sudo chown [new-owner-name]:[new-group-name] [file-to-change-ownership]可同时更改文件的用户和组所有权。

## Check ownership
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 17:49 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 20:00 ..
---x--x--x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 206 Jan 27 16:36 main.js
---x--x--x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes  23 Jan 24 17:31 script.txt

## Change user and group ownership (the main.js file will now have "development" as a group and root as owner)
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ sudo chown root:development main.js

## Check ownership again
mauro_codes@mauro-desktop:~/projects/landing-page$ ls
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 17:49 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes 512 Jan 27 20:00 ..
---x--x--x 1 root        development 206 Jan 27 16:36 main.js
---x--x--x 1 mauro_codes mauro_codes  23 Jan 24 17:31 script.txt

快捷方式

非常感谢@bogkonstantin和@samuelabreu让我知道了这些我以前不知道的命令。

搜索您的命令历史记录

在上一篇文章中，我们看到可以通过输入命令来获取最近运行的所有命令的完整列表history。如果您不想查看完整列表，而是想快速搜索特定命令，请输入命令[CTRL] + r。系统会提示您输入几个字符以查找匹配的命令。您可以再次输入命令来遍历这些结果[CTRL] + r。

浏览您的命令

您可以使用一些快捷方式来快速浏览命令：

粘贴前几行 ➜[CTRL] + p
将光标移至行首。➜[CTRL] + a
将光标移至行尾。➜[CTRL] + e
将光标向前移动一个字符。➜[CTRL] + f
将光标向后移动一个字符。➜[CTRL] + b
删除整行。➜[CTRL] + u
删除最后一个输入的单词。➜[CTRL] + w

处理长文件

打印文件的最后几行 ➜tail [name-of-the-file]
打印文件的最后 n 行 ➜tail -n [number-of-lines] [name-of-the-file]
打印文件的前几行 ➜head [name-of-the-file]
打印文件的前 n 行 ➜head -n [number-of-lines] [name-of-the-file]
翻阅文件 ➜less [name-of-the-file]

如果您希望我在最后一篇文章中介绍某个特定的命令，请告诉我！

文章来源：https://dev.to/mauro_codes/linux-terminal-the-ultimate-cheat-sheet-part-2-11ge

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Linux Terminal: The Ultimate Cheat Sheet - Part 2 TL;DR Global regular expression search (grep command) Pipes Permissions: Change file mode bits command (chmod) Groups Ownership: Change file owner and group (chown) Shortcuts Working with long files

Linux 终端：终极速查表 - 第二部分

太长不看

全局正则表达式搜索（grep 命令）

管道

权限：更改文件模式位命令 (chmod)

团体

所有权：更改文件所有者和组（chown）

快捷方式

处理长文件

Linux 终端：终极速查表

Mauro Garcia ・ 2021年1月25日

太长不看

全局正则表达式搜索（grep 命令）

在文件中搜索字符串

文件内不区分大小写的搜索

在文件中搜索不匹配的行

在目录中进行递归搜索

在文件中进行多次搜索

统计搜索结果

显示匹配文件的名称

管道

将过滤后的搜索结果通过管道传输到新文件中

搜索您的命令历史记录

权限：更改文件模式位命令 (chmod)

添加所有人的执行权限

移除所有人的执行权限

为所有者添加执行权限

移除其他用户的写入权限

添加对该组的读取权限

移除所有人的读写权限

移除所有人对多个文件的读写权限

团体

列出所有可用组

列出我的帐户所属的所有组

使用竖线搜索特定群组

创建一个新组

将现有用户添加到辅助组

所有权：更改文件所有者和组（chown）

更改文件的用户所有权

更改多个文件的用户所有权

更改目录的用户所有权

递归地更改目录及其所有文件的用户所有权

更改文件的组所有权

更改文件的用户和组所有权

快捷方式

搜索您的命令历史记录

浏览您的命令

处理长文件

如果您希望我在最后一篇文章中介绍某个特定的命令，请告诉我！