Object.freeze() 变得困难🥶❄️
标题说明了一切。让我们来谈谈 JavaScript 中最被低估的功能之一:Object.freeze()。这个强大的不可变性不仅仅是一个方法——它是你编写更安全、更可预测代码的秘密武器✨。
说实话,当我第一次发现 Object.freeze() 时,我几乎忽略了它。我当时想:“别改变你的对象就行了。” 但随着我的应用程序变得越来越复杂,我开始意识到它的真正价值。现在,它已经成为我工具包中不可或缺的一部分。
Object.freeze() 的 7 个颠覆性用例
让我来告诉你为什么 Object.freeze() 至关重要,以及它如何提升你的 JavaScript 水平。让我们深入研究一些实际的例子!🥶
1:实际恒定的常数
我们都经历过这种情况——创建“常量”对象,但这些对象最终会在代码库的某个地方发生变异。
interface Config {
api: string;
timeout: number;
retries: number;
}
// Without freeze - supposedly "constant" but can be modified
const CONFIG: Config = {
api: "https://api.example.com",
timeout: 5000,
retries: 3
};
// Oops! This works even though it's "constant"
CONFIG.timeout = 1000;
// With freeze - truly immutable
const FROZEN_CONFIG: Config = Object.freeze({
api: "https://api.example.com",
timeout: 5000,
retries: 3
});
// This throws an error in strict mode! 🎉
FROZEN_CONFIG.timeout = 1000;
现在你的配置实际上是不可变的。无需再调试那些神秘的配置变更。
2:保护默认状态
这对于状态管理来说是一个改变,特别是在 Redux 或类似的解决方案中。
interface AppState {
user: {
name: string;
preferences: {
theme: 'light' | 'dark';
notifications: boolean;
};
};
settings: {
language: string;
};
}
const initialState: AppState = Object.freeze({
user: {
name: '',
preferences: {
theme: 'light',
notifications: true
}
},
settings: {
language: 'en'
}
});
// Now you can't accidentally modify your initial state!
// This will throw in strict mode
initialState.user.preferences.theme = 'dark';
3:无法修改的枚举类对象
JavaScript 没有真正的枚举,但使用 Object.freeze() 我们可以非常接近:
const HttpStatus = Object.freeze({
OK: 200,
CREATED: 201,
BAD_REQUEST: 400,
UNAUTHORIZED: 401,
NOT_FOUND: 404,
INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR: 500,
// TypeScript bonus: as const for literal types
} as const);
// This will throw! Your status codes are safe 🔒
HttpStatus.OK = 999;
// TypeScript knows the exact types
type StatusCode = typeof HttpStatus[keyof typeof HttpStatus];
// Type is exactly: 200 | 201 | 400 | 401 | 404 | 500
4:深度冷冻物体
Object.freeze() 默认是浅冻结,但我们可以创建一个深度冻结实用程序:
function deepFreeze<T>(obj: T): Readonly<T> {
// Get all properties, including non-enumerable ones
const propNames = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(obj);
// Freeze properties before freezing parent
propNames.forEach(name => {
const value = (obj as any)[name];
if (value && typeof value === 'object') {
deepFreeze(value);
}
});
return Object.freeze(obj);
}
const complexObject = deepFreeze({
level1: {
level2: {
level3: {
value: "can't touch this"
}
}
}
});
// This will throw! Deep freezing for the win 🏆
complexObject.level1.level2.level3.value = "try to touch this";
5:保护事件处理程序
您是否曾经遇到过由于事件对象在事件发生后被修改而导致的 bug?再也不会了!
interface CustomEvent {
type: string;
timestamp: number;
data: any;
}
class EventEmitter {
private handlers: { [key: string]: Function[] } = {};
emit(event: CustomEvent) {
// Freeze the event object to prevent modifications
const frozenEvent = Object.freeze({ ...event });
const handlers = this.handlers[event.type] || [];
handlers.forEach(handler => handler(frozenEvent));
}
on(type: string, handler: Function) {
if (!this.handlers[type]) {
this.handlers[type] = [];
}
this.handlers[type].push(handler);
}
}
6:不可变的 API 响应
保持 API 响应不变,以防止意外修改:
interface ApiResponse<T> {
data: T;
metadata: {
timestamp: number;
requestId: string;
};
}
async function fetchData<T>(url: string): Promise<ApiResponse<T>> {
const response = await fetch(url);
const json = await response.json();
// Freeze the response immediately
return Object.freeze({
data: json,
metadata: {
timestamp: Date.now(),
requestId: crypto.randomUUID()
}
});
}
// Usage
const response = await fetchData('https://api.example.com/data');
// This will throw! Your API response is safe 🛡️
response.data = null;
7:创建真正的私有属性
虽然我们现在有了带有#的私有字段,但是 Object.freeze() 可以帮助在工厂函数中创建真正的私有属性:
interface User {
readonly id: string;
readonly username: string;
getInfo(): string;
}
function createUser(username: string): User {
const privateState = {
loginAttempts: 0,
lastLogin: new Date()
};
// Public interface is frozen
return Object.freeze({
id: crypto.randomUUID(),
username,
getInfo() {
return `${username} (Last login: ${privateState.lastLogin})`;
}
});
}
const user = createUser('alice');
// This throws! Can't add properties
user.admin = true;
// This throws! Can't modify existing ones
user.username = 'bob';
性能考虑
虽然 Object.freeze() 功能强大,但了解其性能影响也很重要:
- 冷冻操作本身是有成本的,尤其是使用 deepFreeze
- 读取冻结对象的速度可能会稍微慢一些(但差异通常可以忽略不计)
- TypeScript 的 readonly 仅在编译时有效,运行时成本为零
这是一种注重性能的方法:
// Development: Use Object.freeze() for better error catching
const isDev = process.env.NODE_ENV === 'development';
function safeFreeze<T>(obj: T): Readonly<T> {
return isDev ? Object.freeze(obj) : obj;
}
// Now use safeFreeze everywhere
const config = safeFreeze({
// your config here
});
TypeScript 魔法✨
Object.freeze() 与 TypeScript 的类型系统完美配合:
// Object.freeze() automatically makes properties readonly
const frozen = Object.freeze({ x: 1, y: 2 });
// TypeScript error: Cannot assign to 'x' because it is a readonly property
frozen.x = 2;
// Works with 'as const' for literal types
const DIRECTIONS = Object.freeze({
UP: 'UP',
DOWN: 'DOWN',
LEFT: 'LEFT',
RIGHT: 'RIGHT'
} as const);
// Type is exactly: 'UP' | 'DOWN' | 'LEFT' | 'RIGHT'
type Direction = typeof DIRECTIONS[keyof typeof DIRECTIONS];
结论
Object.freeze() 乍一看可能很简单,但它是一个非常强大的工具,可以编写更安全、更易于维护的 JavaScript。从保护配置对象到确保不可变状态,它是现代 JavaScript 开发的重要组成部分。
下次你发现自己需要第三方不可变库时,请记住 Object.freeze() 可能就是你所需要的!🥶✨
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文章来源:https://dev.to/mattlewandowski93/objectfreeze-goes-hard-5cn1