从

从 Apache2 迁移到 Nginx Web 服务器

2025-06-08

从 Apache2 迁移到 Nginx Web 服务器

最近，我不得不将公司开发、测试和生产环境的 Web 服务器从 Apache2 迁移到 Nginx。迁移的原因是，公司其他部门的后端服务都使用 Nginx，但在搭建网站时，由于某种原因，顾问们设置了 Apache2。这给管理层带来了很大困扰。在本文中，我将逐步讲解整个迁移过程。所有截图均使用 Vagrant Box 进行，但实际服务器的操作步骤与此相同。

服务器

我的测试服务器使用的是vagrant和ubuntu/bionic64。在这台服务器上，我之前有apache2.4、php7.2和mysql5.7一个基础LAMP堆栈。我将把它迁移到LEMP用 Nginx 替换 Apache 的堆栈。

这台服务器上运行着一个 WordPress 网站，版本号为 WordPress 5.2.4。一旦我们能看到这个 WordPress 网站在 Nginx 和 PHP 7.3 上运行，我们的目标就达成了。对了，我们envvars还需要将 Apache2 实例的一系列设置迁移到 Nginx 上。

安装 Nginx

非常简单。首先检查更新。



sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade
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实际安装 Nginx。



sudo apt install nginx
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Nginx 现在已经安装完毕，但尚未运行。由于我们已经在系统上安装并配置了 Apache2，Apache2 将使用端口 ，80这意味着为了避免冲突，我们应该在不同的端口上运行 Nginx，以测试一切是否运行正常。我选择了 端口8080。

使用端口 8080 配置 Nginx

为了确保一切正常，我们默认使用 Nginx 设置了一个网站（与 Apache 类似）。您可以在此处查看配置。



sudo vim /etc/nginx/sites-available/default
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这应该会打开一个如下所示的文件。

##
# You should look at the following URL's in order to grasp a solid understanding
# of Nginx configuration files in order to fully unleash the power of Nginx.
# https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/start/
# https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/start/topics/tutorials/config_pitfalls/
# https://wiki.debian.org/Nginx/DirectoryStructure
#
# In most cases, administrators will remove this file from sites-enabled/ and
# leave it as reference inside of sites-available where it will continue to be
# updated by the nginx packaging team.
#
# This file will automatically load configuration files provided by other
# applications, such as Drupal or Wordpress. These applications will be made
# available underneath a path with that package name, such as /drupal8.
#
# Please see /usr/share/doc/nginx-doc/examples/ for more detailed examples.
##
# Default server configuration
#
server {
listen 80 default_server;
listen [::]:80 default_server;
# SSL configuration
#
# listen 443 ssl default_server;
# listen [::]:443 ssl default_server;
#
# Note: You should disable gzip for SSL traffic.
# See: https://bugs.debian.org/773332
#
# Read up on ssl_ciphers to ensure a secure configuration.
# See: https://bugs.debian.org/765782
#
# Self signed certs generated by the ssl-cert package
# Don't use them in a production server!
#
# include snippets/snakeoil.conf;
root /var/www/html;
# Add index.php to the list if you are using PHP
index index.html index.htm index.nginx-debian.html;
server_name _;
location / {
# First attempt to serve request as file, then
# as directory, then fall back to displaying a 404.
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}
# pass PHP scripts to FastCGI server
#
#location ~ \.php$ {
# include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
#
# # With php-fpm (or other unix sockets):
# fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php7.0-fpm.sock;
# # With php-cgi (or other tcp sockets):
# fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
#}
# deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
# concurs with nginx's one
#
#location ~ /\.ht {
# deny all;
#}
}
# Virtual Host configuration for example.com
#
# You can move that to a different file under sites-available/ and symlink that
# to sites-enabled/ to enable it.
#
#server {
# listen 80;
# listen [::]:80;
#
# server_name example.com;
#
# root /var/www/example.com;
# index index.html;
#
# location / {
# try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
# }
#}
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##
# You should look at the following URL's in order to grasp a solid understanding
# of Nginx configuration files in order to fully unleash the power of Nginx.
# https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/start/
# https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/start/topics/tutorials/config_pitfalls/
# https://wiki.debian.org/Nginx/DirectoryStructure
#
# In most cases, administrators will remove this file from sites-enabled/ and
# leave it as reference inside of sites-available where it will continue to be
# updated by the nginx packaging team.
#
# This file will automatically load configuration files provided by other
# applications, such as Drupal or Wordpress. These applications will be made
# available underneath a path with that package name, such as /drupal8.
#
# Please see /usr/share/doc/nginx-doc/examples/ for more detailed examples.
##
# Default server configuration
#
server {
listen 80 default_server;
listen [::]:80 default_server;
# SSL configuration
#
# listen 443 ssl default_server;
# listen [::]:443 ssl default_server;
#
# Note: You should disable gzip for SSL traffic.
# See: https://bugs.debian.org/773332
#
# Read up on ssl_ciphers to ensure a secure configuration.
# See: https://bugs.debian.org/765782
#
# Self signed certs generated by the ssl-cert package
# Don't use them in a production server!
#
# include snippets/snakeoil.conf;
root /var/www/html;
# Add index.php to the list if you are using PHP
index index.html index.htm index.nginx-debian.html;
server_name _;
location / {
# First attempt to serve request as file, then
# as directory, then fall back to displaying a 404.
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}
# pass PHP scripts to FastCGI server
#
#location ~ \.php$ {
# include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
#
# # With php-fpm (or other unix sockets):
# fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php7.0-fpm.sock;
# # With php-cgi (or other tcp sockets):
# fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
#}
# deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
# concurs with nginx's one
#
#location ~ /\.ht {
# deny all;
#}
}
# Virtual Host configuration for example.com
#
# You can move that to a different file under sites-available/ and symlink that
# to sites-enabled/ to enable it.
#
#server {
# listen 80;
# listen [::]:80;
#
# server_name example.com;
#
# root /var/www/example.com;
# index index.html;
#
# location / {
# try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
# }
#}
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##
# You should look at the following URL's in order to grasp a solid understanding
# of Nginx configuration files in order to fully unleash the power of Nginx.
# https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/start/
# https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/start/topics/tutorials/config_pitfalls/
# https://wiki.debian.org/Nginx/DirectoryStructure
#
# In most cases, administrators will remove this file from sites-enabled/ and
# leave it as reference inside of sites-available where it will continue to be
# updated by the nginx packaging team.
#
# This file will automatically load configuration files provided by other
# applications, such as Drupal or Wordpress. These applications will be made
# available underneath a path with that package name, such as /drupal8.
#
# Please see /usr/share/doc/nginx-doc/examples/ for more detailed examples.
##
# Default server configuration
#
server {
listen 80 default_server;
listen [::]:80 default_server;
# SSL configuration
#
# listen 443 ssl default_server;
# listen [::]:443 ssl default_server;
#
# Note: You should disable gzip for SSL traffic.
# See: https://bugs.debian.org/773332
#
# Read up on ssl_ciphers to ensure a secure configuration.
# See: https://bugs.debian.org/765782
#
# Self signed certs generated by the ssl-cert package
# Don't use them in a production server!
#
# include snippets/snakeoil.conf;
root /var/www/html;
# Add index.php to the list if you are using PHP
index index.html index.htm index.nginx-debian.html;
server_name _;
location / {
# First attempt to serve request as file, then
# as directory, then fall back to displaying a 404.
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}
# pass PHP scripts to FastCGI server
#
#location ~ \.php$ {
# include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
#
# # With php-fpm (or other unix sockets):
# fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php7.0-fpm.sock;
# # With php-cgi (or other tcp sockets):
# fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
#}
# deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
# concurs with nginx's one
#
#location ~ /\.ht {
# deny all;
#}
}
# Virtual Host configuration for example.com
#
# You can move that to a different file under sites-available/ and symlink that
# to sites-enabled/ to enable it.
#
#server {
# listen 80;
# listen [::]:80;
#
# server_name example.com;
#
# root /var/www/example.com;
# index index.html;
#
# location / {
# try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
# }
#}
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在线22，23我们将更80改为8080。


 nginx
listen 8080 default_server;
listen [::]:8080 default_server;
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在启动 Nginx 服务之前，让我们快速测试一下配置。


 bash
sudo nginx -t
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如果一切顺利，我们来写一个小HTML页面，让它告诉我们服务器已经启动了。Line41显示了服务器的根目录。我修改了服务器根目录，以确保我使用的目录与 Apache 的目录不同。



root /srv/www/html;
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这就是我将要添加文件的目录index.html。现在我们可以启动服务器了。



sudo service nginx start
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测试新的配置。



curl http://localhost:8080
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它应该返回我创建的新HTML文件。继续安装PHP。

安装 PHP

目前我们已经在系统上安装了，由于整体和配置PHP7.2有点令人担忧，将会转移到。PHP7.2NginxPHP7.3

首先，Ubuntu 不知道从哪里获取，PHP7.3所以我们需要添加存储库。



sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ondrej/php
sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade
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实际安装PHP7.3和一些扩展。这些只是我需要的扩展，您可以根据需要随意添加或删除扩展。



sudo apt install php7.3
sudo apt install php7.3-cli php7.3-fpm php7.3-pdo php7.3-mysql php7.3-zip  php7.3-mbstring php7.3-curl php7.3-xml php7.3-bcmath php7.3-json
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所有扩展安装完成后，就该Nginx再次编辑配置文件，告诉它我们的网站使用了PHP。配置文件如下所示，所有注释都被删除，只保留了更改行的注释。

server {
# Using port 8080 only for testing purposes
listen 8080 default_server;
listen [::]:8080 default_server;
# Where are the files that are being served
root /srv/www/html;
# Default Index file being served, have added `index.php`
index index.php index.html index.htm index.nginx-debian.html;
server_name _;
location / {
# Added support for PHP routers
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?args =404;
}
# Adding support for PHP7.3
location ~ \.php$ {
fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(/.+)$;
include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php7.3-fpm.sock;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
# Adding environmental variables for this website
include /srv/config/default.nginx.conf;
}
}
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server {
# Using port 8080 only for testing purposes
listen 8080 default_server;
listen [::]:8080 default_server;
# Where are the files that are being served
root /srv/www/html;
# Default Index file being served, have added `index.php`
index index.php index.html index.htm index.nginx-debian.html;
server_name _;
location / {
# Added support for PHP routers
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?args =404;
}
# Adding support for PHP7.3
location ~ \.php$ {
fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(/.+)$;
include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php7.3-fpm.sock;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
# Adding environmental variables for this website
include /srv/config/default.nginx.conf;
}
}
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server {
# Using port 8080 only for testing purposes
listen 8080 default_server;
listen [::]:8080 default_server;
# Where are the files that are being served
root /srv/www/html;
# Default Index file being served, have added `index.php`
index index.php index.html index.htm index.nginx-debian.html;
server_name _;
location / {
# Added support for PHP routers
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?args =404;
}
# Adding support for PHP7.3
location ~ \.php$ {
fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(/.+)$;
include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php7.3-fpm.sock;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
# Adding environmental variables for this website
include /srv/config/default.nginx.conf;
}
}
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测试配置以确保没有语法错误。



sudo nginx -t
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你可能会遇到错误，因为 处没有 env 文件/srv/config/default.nginx.conf。现在只需在那里添加一个空白文件即可。稍后我会解释它的作用。

希望以上方法解决了您的错误。现在，我们将index.html文件更改为index.php，并添加一些基本PHP代码，看看是否正常工作。另外，请务必为index.php文件设置适当的权限。我喜欢这样做。



sudo chmod 755 index.php
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重启Nginx服务器



sudo service nginx restart
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你应该可以看到PHP你写的文件了。我把函数打印出来，phpinfo()以确保配置正确。

服务器环境变量

我喜欢将一些应用配置保存在超全局变量中。当你在、和服务器$_SERVER之间移动应用，并且不想频繁更改数据库密码或 API 端点时，这会非常方便。devstageprod

我们接触的文件/srv/config/default.nginx.conf，我将在其中添加以下代码行。



fastcgi_param   APP_ENV         dev;
fastcgi_param   APP_ENDPOINT    https://dev.server.com;
fastcgi_param   DB_HOST         localhost;
fastcgi_param   DB_USER         root;
fastcgi_param   DB_PASS         password;
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格式通常是



fastcgi_param  {VAR_NAME}      {VAR_VALUE};
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随意添加任何其他环境变量。测试配置完成后，重启Nginx。你应该会在函数输出中看到新的变量，phpinfo()如下所示。

PHP 服务器变量

密切关注最后 5 个值。

就这样，只需将所有文件移动到相关文件夹即可进行最终测试。准备就绪后，即可停止Apache服务。



sudo service apache2 stop
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8080将配置中的端口号从 更改为Nginx，80然后重新启动Nginx，就完成了。

做得好！

鏂囩珷鏉ユ簮锛�https://dev.to/davinderpalrehal/moving-from-apache2-to-nginx-webserver-2n6a
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